Measles, a highly contagious respiratory disease, poses a significant risk, particularly to young children. The virus can spread rapidly, with one infected individual capable of transmitting the disease to 90% of unvaccinated people nearby. This alarming statistic underscores the importance of vaccination, especially for children under the age of five, who are especially vulnerable to the complications associated with measles.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasizes that measles can be transmitted for up to four days before and four days after the appearance of a rash. Given that the initial symptoms of measles mimic those of common cold or flu, parents must remain vigilant. Symptoms typically emerge seven to 14 days following exposure to the virus.
The first signs may include a runny nose, cough, and fever. Following these, small white spots known as Koplik spots may appear in the child's mouth two to three days later. Ultimately, a red, blotchy rash will develop around the third to fifth day of illness, usually lasting for about five to six days. The rash typically spreads from the head downwards to the neck, torso, arms, legs, and feet.
Hospitalization rates for measles can be concerning. Approximately one in five individuals diagnosed with measles in the United States needs hospitalization due to complications that may arise from the illness. These complications can range from diarrhea to more severe conditions such as pneumonia or encephalitis.
To safeguard children against this preventable disease, the CDC recommends that babies receive their first dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine between 12 and 15 months of age. A second dose is advised for children between the ages of 4 and 6 years. The MMRV vaccine, which includes protection against varicella (chickenpox), can be administered to children aged 12 months to 12 years.
In certain situations, such as during active measles outbreaks or for international travel, the MMR vaccine may be given as early as six months old. Dr. Gina Posner, a pediatrician at MemorialCare Medical Group in California, states, “If one of my patients is traveling anywhere and is under 12 months old but above 6 months old, I would be perfectly fine giving an extra MMR dose.”
She also highlights the potential benefits of maternal immunity, noting that “the immunity from Mom can be very helpful.” This information emphasizes the importance of maternal vaccination during pregnancy, which can provide some level of protection to infants in their early months.
Parents must be aware that measles can be transmitted even if an infected individual has left the vicinity. Babies can catch measles simply by being in the same room as someone who is infected, even if that person departed up to two hours earlier. Therefore, it is critical for parents to ensure their children are vaccinated promptly.
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