Recent studies suggest the gut microbiome’s significant role in multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Researchers have identified a potential link between the gut bacteria and the severity of MS, particularly focusing on the enrichment of specific bacterial genera like Blautia and Akkermansia. The findings could pave the way for new approaches to predict and manage the disease.
The gut microbiome in people with MS shows a marked imbalance compared to healthy individuals. Particularly, the bacteria Blautia and Akkermansia are enriched, potentially contributing to the inflammatory processes associated with MS. Researchers discovered that Blautia creates a pro-inflammatory environment by consuming a part of the mucin, a component of the gut lining. This action leaves other parts exposed, which Akkermansia then utilizes, promoting its expansion.
“Blautia creates a pro-inflammatory environment by consuming one part of the mucin, leaving other parts of the mucin exposed, which can then be utilized by Akkermansia. This results in the expansion of Akkermansia and may contribute to inflammation in the gut and potentially in the brain, as seen in MS.” – Ashutosh K. Mangalam, PhD
The study noted that Akkermansia levels in mice were linked to disease severity in MS. This connection was also observed in MS patients from the Midwest region of the U.S., where an enrichment of Blautia was evident. Furthermore, a ratio involving Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia emerged as a possible marker for predicting MS severity.
“In mice with MS-like disease, Bifidobacterium levels were reduced, suggesting that it may not survive well in an inflammatory environment. Interestingly, we found that the increase in Akkermansia levels in these mice was associated with disease. This led us to hypothesize that the ratio of Bifidobacterium to Akkermansia could serve as a potential marker for MS and its severity.” – Ashutosh K. Mangalam, PhD
Prevotella, another bacterial genus, might offer protective benefits against MS. Its presence suggests a more balanced microbiome, potentially mitigating some inflammatory effects. However, these findings primarily stem from animal models, and researchers emphasize the need for larger human studies to confirm these associations.
“Most of this work was done in the animal model and larger and longitudinal studies need to be done on humans,” – Ashutosh K. Mangalam, PhD
Diet and gut health remain critical risk factors for MS. The gut microbiome responds dynamically to external influences like diet and exercise, indicating potential avenues for lifestyle interventions in managing MS.
“The gut microbiome is very responsive to external factors such as diet and exercise. Further work in this area may lead to more recommendations for lifestyle choices in persons with MS.” – Ashutosh K. Mangalam, PhD
While probiotics often come up in discussions about gut health, experts recommend focusing on a healthy, plant-based diet rich in fiber to shape a beneficial gut microbiome. This approach could support a balanced microbial environment conducive to better health outcomes for MS patients.
“Rather than focusing solely on probiotics, I would recommend incorporating a healthy, plant-based diet into daily meals, as diet plays a crucial role in shaping the gut microbiome,” – Ashutosh K. Mangalam
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